Women Entrepreneurship In Smes In Iran - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 19 Words: 5685 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? It has been thought that Entrepreneurs, in general, are recognized by their success or their failure. However, it goes without saying that the nature of business venture that they undertake and the manner in which they handle their business, are the main factors that determine their relative success or, in fact, failure. Consequently, it is not too far-fetched to believe in the fact that such relative success could or in fact would depend on the type of business ventured into by an entrepreneur. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Women Entrepreneurship In Smes In Iran" essay for you Create order It is even more relevant in case of women entrepreneurs as there are numerous factors that impact their ventures. They learn the nuances of business only after they start a particular venture. These factors could begin with social factors, gender differences, issues on equality as well their ability to run a business in a much dominated male environment. Nevertheless, in order to understand the true nature of women entrepreneurship, the types of businesses undertaken in Iran need to be studied. In fact, one can examine the women entrepreneurs for not only traditional businesses but also in modern businesses, which involve some amount of technical knowledge. Indeed, one needs to take into consideration the fact that Iran is a developing country, much like India, Malaysia or even Indonesia. As claimed by Ganeshan (2004), women entrepreneurs in India generally undertake three types of industrial enterprises: (1) entrepreneurs operating purely as subcontractor on raw materials provide d by their customers; (2) manufacturers of items that are usually used by large scale units; and (3) manufacturers of consumer products which are directly sold in the market. Evidently, in Iran, women are also divided in such category. Statement of the Problem The main objective of this research was finding the reasons for starting a venture or a new enterprise and, subsequently, the dominant factors that influenced women to take up entrepreneurship. Studies have revealed that women became entrepreneurs due to various reasons classified as pull and push factors. Pull factors are those which encourage women to have an independent occupation. Under the influence of these factors, women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge, adventure, with an urge to do something new. On the other hand, the push factors are those, which compel women to take up business enterprises to get over financial difficulties and responsibilities. Nevertheless, many women take to entrepreneurship to fulfil an urge for independence and creativity. The role of Government agencies and NGOs cannot be ignored. Women entrepreneurship is one of the key focus areas in the various policies for women development. Therefore, in this study, the researcher would lik e to examine the different reasons for Iranian women to start a new business venture and compare those reasons with the difficulties that they might face such as religious limitations such as the dress code for Iranian women imposed by the government and cultural constraints such as male supremacy that regards men as superior to women. These two main factors will be studied in more depth and details since many women in Iran have been pulled back from fulfilling their innate capabilities and potentials simply because they were women and in Iranian society they had to face different forms of cultural constraints such as male supremacy as well as religious limitations that could in theory and would in practice undermine the scope of their success. Research Questions Therefore, in order to conduct the following study, the researcher decided to narrow down the many aspects and parameters involved into three main factors mentioned above and formed the following research questions. Is there any relationship between cultural constraints such as male supremacy and the rate of success in women entrepreneurship? Is there any relationship between religious limitations such as the dress code for women and the rate of success in women entrepreneurship? Research Hypothesis Subsequently, the researcher transformed these research questions into research hypothesis so that the questions could be analyzed in a more scientific and hierarchical format. There is no relationship between cultural constraints such as male supremacy and the rate of success in women entrepreneurship. There is no relationship between religious limitations such as dress code and the rate of success in women entrepreneurship. Research Objective The objective of this study is to see if the results of the questionnaire given to 42 women entrepreneurs in Iran managing different forms of SMEs, whether in the textile industry or the cosmetic trade, has a statistically significant correlation within two paradigm of religious limitations and cultural constraints with regard to rate of their success which will be operationally defined and measured in their annual turnover, rise in sales and profit as well as capital enlargement. The researcher intends to see whether these factors felt by the entrepreneur that will be measured using a questionnaire simply based on their personal opinion has in fact influenced the success of their enterprise or not. Research Methodology The researcher will be conducting a descriptive research in a form of field study using surveys and questionnaire. The researcher will be interviewing 42 women entrepreneurs using a 36 item questionnaire that deals with their opinion regarding male supremacy in Iranian society as well as the difficulties they might have faced or at least they feared to face in Iran simply because they were women. Moreover, the questions will also deal with the religious limitations that they had to face working in Iran since the government in Tehran does and has imposed different forms of restriction on women such as the dress code that could be regarded, at least in theory, as a formidable constraint for many women entrepreneurs. Furthermore, the interviewees will be given a survey that is kept quite confidential regarding the company annual turnover, rise in the sales as well as capital enlargement in which all aims to conclude the rate of success. Nevertheless, for the sake of face validity, the survey will be taken in the second phase of the research so that the entrepreneurs response on their opinion regarding the limitations and restrictions that they might have faced would not be influenced by the survey since their response would be quite subjective by nature and any previous administration could or at least might have an impact on their responses. Finally, the researcher would be using SPSS software of version 17.0 to analyze the questionnaire. The researcher will be interested to see if there are any positive or even negative correlation in the factors studied in this research and, if yes, how statistically significant such correlation is at 0.05 level of significance. The researcher would like to see if the null-hypotheses would be rejected at 0.05 level of significance, in order to conclude that such factors do, in fact, influence the rate of success for women entrepreneurship. Chapter 2 Review of Literature 2.1 Introduction The 20th century brought many changes to the world, but rest assure that one of the changes that transformed our societies was the emergence of women as free thinkers and independent individuals who no longer seek the support of men to survive nor to succeed in the society. The beginning of the century triggered stardom in the women liberation front when they were able to obtain their God given rights to vote and participate in the democratic system of governess. Women were later asked to join the work force in farms and factories when men were struggling with two world wars. It was from then on that working women and entrepreneurship of women became an issue and for many an opportunity to see more women taking responsibility in the improvement of the economy and the industries of many developed and even in the later part of the century developing countries. Women entrepreneurship Very few would ever indulge themselves to understand the factors that would actually drive and ultimately allow a woman in todayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s world to risk all her money and property to embark on a business venture. Hematian (2011) believes that women have always been deprived of their right to self autonomy and self reliance for many reasons. First and foremost, she believes that it is because men have always feared the rise of women as leaders in the society as a threat to teir survival. The reason is that men have realized that women are more capable in managing; whether in the family or the local community, women have shown more capability, but they have felt reluctant to the lack of motivation. Rani (1996) believes that the key factor is motivation that is the engine for a woman to take such risk. This motivation is vital for a woman to become successful and the source of this motivation can either be intrinsic or extrinsic. Nevertheless, Rani (1996) outlines another factor apart from motivation which is ambition. The notion of ambition has been long argued with scholars as it is ambition that broadens the vision of people and makes life meaningful. It is in fact an index of oneà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s own resourcefulness and it is the key factor in women entrepreneurship. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦what matters much for the development of a nation is not merely the people but their aspirations and means to reach their goals. It is needless to say that ambitions differ among individuals on the basis of their personal characteristics. Ambitions nourish the achievement, motivation and help bring economic growth and development.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? p. 75 Nevertheless, what seems to be quite intriguing is how motivation and ambition differs from a woman to another when it comes to her family background. Rani (1996) studied the many factors that influence the women ambition such as the educational status of the family as well as the occupational status of the family and realized that more women who were raised in educated families and whose fathers were entrepreneurs or worked at a managerial level were eager and ultimately successful in establishing their business. Rani (1996) concludes that the fact that women are more social individuals than men and in fact, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a woman never considers herself alone, physically, socially or even economically, but in fact as a part of a the family, the family also seems to reciprocate this feeling at least in the case of women entrepreneurs.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? p. 82 Therefore, it is not too far-fetched to conclude that women entrepreneurs can easily be considered as the agents of social change. The governments would definitely prosper if they begin to guide women in the right direction toward economic independence, particularly through the path of entrepreneurship. This is simply due to the fact that women are widely affected by the environment, and feels a sense of belonging to it that whe n it is nourished in the right way, it can be more constructive than imagined. There is little doubt that supporting women in becoming more financially independent can bring about great changes for the world and prosperity for all since women are more prone to support and supply their fellow species. Constraints in women entrepreneurship Therefore, the entrepreneurship of women becomes the focal point of many research and studies who all wish to analyze the impact of women in the work force and understand the many factors that could affect women entrepreneurship. Many scholars have looked at this issue and they have claimed that women entrepreneurship is merely an isolated issue that could never be fully understood outside the social, cultural and even political realm. In her study, Jalbert (2000) asserts that becoming an entrepreneur is not simply a state but in fact, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an evolution of encountering, assessing and reacting to a series of experiences, situations, and events produced by political, economical, social and cultural change.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? P. 23 Jalbert (2000) further on notifies the simple fact that there are certain constraints that could and in fact would most likely deprive women to participate in the work force, particularly as managers, let alone become successful entrepreneurs who wou ld have an impact on the economy. She believes that there are certain à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“cultural and social patternsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? that could hinder, limit and restrict women from fully participating in the work force as independent individuals and successful managers. Tiwara (2007) believes that these social and cultural constraints in the east are the main obstacles that stand between success and progress for most Asian and Middle Eastern countries. The men need to realize that male supremacy has deprived their communities of sustainable progress and such medieval ideologies need to be eradicated for their societies to begin blooming again. On the other hand, Manaie (2011) analyzes the situation in a comparative form between the east and the west and outlines a series of factors that could influence women entrepreneurships, more specifically in his country Iran. Primarily, he believes that the main issue is education and assert that in the west different forms of courses are provid ed to inform and enlighten students and future managers of the reality of women entrepreneurship and its features, whereas in the east and more specifically in Iran such awareness is never intended. Furthermore, he believes that the lack of training courses for women entrepreneurship has created a huge gap for women who intend to embark on such a journey not knowing the difficulties they might face as women managers in the future. Furthermore, Manaie (2011) believes that another key factor is motivation and the cultural context of the east has created a distinct feeling of reluctance for women to participate in the workforce as managers and leaders and presidents of companies and huge corporations. He strongly claims that such cultural issues has created an overwhelmingly upsetting situation for most women where they feel, as he puts it, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“discriminated and isolatedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? among successful managers who are predominantly men and unwilling to share their exclusiv e masculine reign with the opposite sex whom they covertly feel superior to and regretfully feel disproportionally more powerful and intelligent towards. p. 14 Manaie (2011) then proposes a series of solutions that could improve the situation for women entrepreneurship in Iran. First of all, he believes that cultural awareness is the key to success and he asserts that the divine religion of Islam does not, in any form, comply with male supremacy in the work force. It is simply the duty of the male to supply and support the family, comprising of wife and children, within the context of the family. Nevertheless, in Islam women are free to own property, do business and even manage organizations. The best example is the prophetà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s wife who was in fact a merchant or could even be called a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“women entrepreneurà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? who ran and owned one of the most successful trading enterprises in the Arabian Peninsula at the time of her marriage to the prophet som ewhat fourteen hundred years ago. Moreover, there must be Characteristic of women entrepreneurs Noticeably, one needs to analyze women entrepreneurship in the micro perspective as to what kind of women become involved in such tedious yet challenging profession of managing dozens and sometimes hundreds of men in a company or a factory. The main question is what kind of an individual, more precisely a woman, would be interested and in fact capable of becoming a manager and what are the qualities that are shared by most of these successful women entrepreneurs. Jalbert (2000) believes that most women entrepreneurs tend to be very motivated and as she puts it à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“self-directedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? individuals. She further on believes that these women show a very high urge for control and ultimately success and accomplishment. p.23 In her research, Jalbert (2000) looked at the common characteristics that are shared by most successful women entrepreneurs and came to the conclusion that they all share four key personality traits. First and foremost, they all share the ability o f communicative skills that enables an individual to, fully and could even be said efficiently, interact with their counterparts. Secondly, they all share the intuitive skill of initiation and decisiveness that makes managers who they are and what they can achieve. Thirdly, they have the consensus building ability to form coalitions as well as cooperation based on common interest and even common threats. Finally, and quite intriguingly, she asserts that they all have integrating skills that would allow an individual to prominently bind different people from different backgrounds and interests to share a common value and behave in uniform code of conduct. It is quite evident that as technology speeds up lives and the new age is now upon us, and therefore it is important to take time to reflect upon on what will obviously be one of the driving forces of the world economy in the new century. In fact, women are an emerging economic force that policymakers and economical experts canno t afford to ignore nor neglect. What are the implications of this for businesswomen throughout the world? How can womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business enterprises best channel this potential and maximize it to improve the status of women in the world economy? The worldà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s modern economy, and in fact democracy, depends on the participation of both genders. Askari (2010) believes that women have proven themselves to be an undeniable force in the progress of countries across the globe. She believes that during the past century four main factors have contributed to this blooming need for women to take part in the economy. First of all, she believes that the industrial revolution paved the way for women to enter farms and factories and begin working with men. Secondly, the social changes and the emergence of feminism gave women the identity and the recognition they needed to consolidate their position as decision makers and leaders in the economy. Thirdly, the cultural aw areness and the weakening of male supremacy proved women can have even more success than men when working as managers and leaders and idea of the male supremacy was weakened and no longer a threat to women success. Nevertheless, Askari (2010) states that the most important factor that allowed women to participate more, and more productively in the economy was education and the vast scope of educated women that appeared in the world arena paved the way for successful women managers. In the global economy of the 21st century, international trade will be a key source of economic growth and development. Recent surveys conducted in many countries have revealed this fact, in which the National Foundation of Women Business Owners (NFWBO) has mentioned that women-owned firms involved in the global market have greater income, are more optimistic about the rate of success in their business outlook and are more focused on business expansion than women-owned firms that are to most extent à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“domestically orientedà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. Joshi (2009) believes that womens business associations can and in fact should ensure that their members, whether large or small are equipped to obtain the rewards of moving into the international spectrum. In fact, it goes without saying that women must learn how to play the international trade game, and a world network of womens business associations can help them achieve this great goal. Joshi (2009) further on states that information technology can help identify these mentioned markets, provide industry information and spotlight trends about what the role of women in state economies can be or should be so that optimum results would be obtained. More information about women-owned business enterprises is deeply needed to force policymakers to realize that women are an economic force to be reckoned with. Part of this process is to document the economic significance of women-owned enterprises in order to establish a constructive dia logue. Indeed, what womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business organizations (WBOs) can provide may be summed up in three simple word; access, organization, and certainly advocacy. In some regions of the world, transformation to a market economy threatens to widen the gap of gender inequality and inevitably sexual discrimination. Furthermore, it is quite evident that such changes reflect a return to traditional norms and standards that relegated women to a secondary status. As countries become more democratic, gender inequalities lessen; thus, offering a more productive atmosphere for both sexes. Nevertheless, many argue that women are genuinely better managers than men in many aspects when given the opportunity. Hematian (2011) argues that the feminine side of women, and even in some cases in men, allows the manger to act more responsibly rather than irrationally when faced with difficulty. Dr. Hematian (2011) argues the psychological intriguing fact about women in general that is conformis t rather than dis-conformist that exists in most men. The masculine feature of being rebellious blinds men from making concessions and that is the downfall of their decision making. Since, management, she states, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“is not about victory but reducing the cost of failure.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? p. 24 Women Entrepreneurship across the globe There is no doubt that a new generation is emerging and women from all four corners are the globe are taking part in the expansion of the world economy by their enthusiastic participation as well as their leading role in the management of different industrial and trade institutions across the globe. It might have been a dream or even a wild thought to believe that one day women even in as far places as Bangladesh can start their own businesses and become successful entrepreneurs but now we live in a world where that dream has come true as mentioned by many world figures including the noble prize winner Dr. Muhammad Yunus (2006) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦empowerment has come to the women of Bangladesh, even the poorest women in Bangladesh. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tremendous. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s a dramatic change that has taken place. Women have access to money. They can now plan. They can now dream. Their children are in school. New communities are emerging. A new generation is emerging.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? On the other hand, one needs to understand that such success could and would never be achieved if the society does not recognize women as capable individuals who could stand on their own feet and have the capacity to succeed independently without any help or aid from their male counterpart. Men need to begin learning the notion of respect when it comes to women entrepreneurship and have the dignity and decency to honor and respect women who embark on such challenges to lead their own enterprise as former US Secretary of State, Condoleezza Rice (2007) puts it quite well when she says, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Respect for women is a prerequisite for success of countries in the modern world. In the dynamic 21st century no society can expect to nourish with half its people sitting on the sidelines, with no opportunity to develop their talents, to contribute to their economy or to play an equal part in the lives of their nations.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? In their well acclaimed re search, Van Der Wees, C. Romijn, H. (1995) elaborate on the fact that womenà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s business associations play a very essential role in identifying appropriate emerging sectors where women entrepreneurs can be prosperous as well as successful. In fact, the research indicated that the areas that are more probable to take off quickly during a nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s market rejuvenation are delivery, transport, public relations, producing and consumer goods, and financial services. In this process, women business owners are innovators, job creators, and providers of economic security. Ultimately, female business owners will be recognized for who they are, what they do, and how significantly they impact the global economy. Change is afoot in the global economy and it is bearing a womanà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s face. Quite intriguingly, worldwide, many women are entrepreneurs emerge from a personà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s creative mind and intuition into successful business ownership , and economic security that would benefit everyone. There is a simple truth that women bring integrity as well as commitment because they care about economic empowerment of the society as w whole, entrepreneurial development and innovation. Female entrepreneurs seek the professional and personal support that is found in business associations. Economic globalization has encouraged the expansion of female business ownership. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦The growing economic power and influence of women-owned businesses are changing the shape of the global economy,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? remarked Sakiko Fukuda-Parr, director of the UN Development Programà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Human Development Report. On the other hand, Kollan (2009) strongly claims that the global impact of women entrepreneurs is only the beginning to gain the momentum it truly deserves. Across the world, the number of women business owners continues to women entrepreneurs in the world economy rise gradually. In fact, a recen t United Nations report concluded that economic development, as a whole, is closely related to the advancement of women, in particular. In nations where women have advanced, economic growth has usually been steady. By contrast, in countries where women have been restricted, the economy has been stagnant and still struggling to develop, in the broad sense. According to the 1995 UN survey, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“two changes have occurred over the past 10 years in the enabling environment for women in the economy. One is the establishment of legal equality for women. The other is granting women equal access to education and training.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Women entrepreneurs are significantly affecting the global economy. In a case study carried out by McCarthy, D., Puffer, S, Naumov A. (1994) the results revealed that women entrepreneurs play an important role in the entrepreneurial economy, both in their ability to create new jobs for themselves and to create jobs for others in their community. I n fact, the results of the study showed that in Europe (both European Union countries and other European countries), estimates indicate that there exist more than 10 million self-employed women. In the United States 6.4 million self-employed women provide employment for 9.2 million people and create significant sales. Using the United States ratio between the number of employees and self-employment it may be estimated that employed women in surveyed European countries could employ around 15 million persons. Furthermore, it was discovered that self-employment represents one of the most important job opportunities for women. This seems to be a correct conclusion independent of what country or type of economy is observed. Self-employment represents an important job alternative for many women and perhaps especially for women in developing economies. It is also observed that in all countries women still represent a minority of those that start new firms, are self-employed, or are small b usiness owner-managers. Women Entrepreneurship in Asia One needs to acknowledge the simple fact that women entrepreneurship has not been as well accepted and even welcomed in the east as it has been in the west. Nevertheless, one needs to understand that the east has been improving and the statistics regarding this is quite intriguing to analyze. For instance, in India there has been enormous energy put into the private sector to help women entrepreneurship and in some case more support has been allocated to the women entrepreneurs than their male counterpart to make sure that the initiative would give them an advantage. Tiwari (2007) believes that women entrepreneurs have had a very efficient as well as productive role in the enhancement of the Indian economy during the past decade. Nevertheless, there is an issue that, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“the social structures of today have prevented the balanced development of women along side with men.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? P. 31 Tiwari (2007) continues further on suggesting that as a remedy women should be g iven an advantage when embarking on business ventures. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“There are two streams of thoughts for the promotion of women entrepreneurship. First stream argue that women should be given higher priorityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and certainly the second argues that both men and women should be equally supported. The first view has been receiving more momentum in the Indian economy due to the fact that many politicians have now come to the conclusion that the women are more eager to take part in the improvement of the economy and by supporting them they could benefit both from their effort and their support in coming elections. In fact, different programs such as EDPs (Entrepreneurship Development Programs) are being carried out to meet just that scheme. Furthermore, Tiwari (2007) discovered that more women in India are participating in the three Eà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, namely being the Energy, Electronics and Engineering field. It is quite interesting to notify the fact t hat the new industrial policies of India have highlighted the need for special entrepreneurship programs for women entrepreneurs. This is simply designed by the administrations to enable and ultimately capable the women entrepreneurs to get a head start in their business ventures and be able to establish small-scale industries. India, as a whole, has well shown that when women are supported and motivated they can achieve much higher than their male counterparts and the integral approach from the government and non-government organization has been able to help them achieve that and it is the ongoing support of the system that has allowed them to do so well in the economy. On the other hand, Teoh (2007) states that women entrepreneurship in the Malaysia, a fast growing economy in the Southeast Asia region, has not been as significant as it could have been anticipated. The data in the research indicate that women accounted for only 7% of employers in the economically active populati on of Malaysia. Noticeably, it is quite unfortunate that the figure rose to only 8.5% six years later in 1990, and that is due to the fact that men still comprised the vast majority in employer status. However, Teoh (2007) believes that with all the constraints and slow progress there is a glimpse of hope since for the past ten years the government has put more emphasis on the creation and support for newly established SMEs who are struggling to grow their business. This is due to the fact that the government has well realized that the economy is best improved by supporting small businesses, and there are many women entrepreneurs who have the ideas, resources and recruitment capabilities to bring such capital back into the economy, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“women entrepreneurship has recently become an important pool of resources for Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economic growth and personal prosperity.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? p.4 In the case of Malaysia, it is quite interesting to notify the fact that women account for about half of the total population, and about 36.7 percent of Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s total workforce of 10.9 million, with a significantly increasing representation at the professional, as well as the managerial and technical levels. In another study carried out women have been participating quite à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“vigorouslyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in the economy and the establishment of SMEs in the country. According to Normah (2006), the participation of women in Malaysiaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in 2003 was 1,122,000, or 36.8% of the total employment in SMEs which proves the fact that women, as much as men and even in some cases more enthusiastically, are becoming more and more involved in creation of jobs and helping the economy. Therefore, it might not be that stunning that the number of women entrepreneurs in Malaysia has increased so vigorously in the past thirty years due to the emphasis on industrialization by the state and the act ive governess, and growing interests in the private sector and the whole notion of privatization, self-employment and business-oriented employment that seems to be the key issue in helping many young economies across the globe. Nevertheless, one needs to keep in mind that all of these have been facilitated by the growth in various sectors such as banking and financing, food manufacturing, general trading, personal and public services, education, training and consultancy, all comprising the main components for a young economy and a developing country that needs an initiative to begin progress. Women Entrepreneurship in Iran Nevertheless, Iranian women have been in the frontiers when it comes to Asian countries, and in fact, women in Iran have been leaders for thousands of years and to be more specifically have been taking managerial positions as early as the late 19th century. The constitutional revolution of 1896AD in Iran was the breakthrough for women to enter the spotlight and with the scent of democracy across the country women sought to fulfill their rightful position in the society by taking high ranking positions from the parliament to ministers to ambassadors as well as entrepreneurs. This movement was well received during the mid 20th century when the pro western regime at the time supported and encouraged women to enter the society and participate in the community more and more. However, one needs to understand that Iran has a sensitively religious society mixed with a long cultural scent of male supremacy that has bonded with the land for too long to be eradicated so easily. Although, I ran is much different from its Arab neighbors where women are even deprived of basic human rights such as voting and even driving, in Iran, women are free to vote, drive, open businesses, manage and even be elected to represent their community in the national parliament. Hence, ever since the Islamic Revolution of 1979, women have also been more active in studying and in fact, according to recent figures more than two-thirds of university graduates are women in Iran. Hosseini (2008) states that women have been the key to sustainable progress in Iran and having so many educated women who provide the back bone of the economy is a true asset to Iranian society. These educated women, whether they work as employees, employers or even marry and become mothers and raise the future generation of Iranians are the main assets of this country. Nevertheless, Hosseini (2008) expresses his concern to two factors that women entrepreneurs have and will face in Iranà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s ever growin g economy in the 21st century. First of all, he believes that sexual discrimination is a key factor in pulling women back, especially because that it is a cultural issue, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hidden under the skin of the society not displaying itself in bureaucratic but in credential interactions.à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? p.11 Secondly, there is an issue of recognition and the overshadowing of male supremacy in the Iranian society. Hosseini (2008) argues that women managers are leaders and leaders need to be recognized, complied upon and taken seriously in the society. He provides an analogy of having a leader with no armies and no soldiers. It is an undeniable fact that women need to be recognized for them to lead successfully and defiantly and without that recognition such success is impossible to achieve. In fact, it goes without saying that Iranian women could only achieve their full potential in managerial position when Iranian men begin to take them seriously and acknowledge their success an d support them in case of failure rather than capitalize on their success for if such cooperation does not succeed, the economy could never be improved.

Assignment Questions On Organizational Behavior - 1167 Words

Week 1 Discussion Post (Michael Baker) This week has been eye opening; I had no idea how involved the topic of â€Å"Organizational Behavior† affected so many aspects of the everyday life within an organization. There are no doubts after reading these first two topics that I’m already going to be able to improve how I handle my subordinates and interact with people at the college where I work. With all the different topics discussed in the text (Uhl-Bien, Piccolo Schermerhorn, 2016) it all comes down to â€Å"people† within organizations and how to interact appropriately with each other in order to accomplish the goals. Chapter 1: Chapter one was an excellent overview of â€Å"Organizational Behavior . Below is an excerpt from John Newstrom †¦show more content†¦A person’s upbringing is an important determinant of their beliefs and behaviors, and a person’s culture is a big part of their upbringing.† (Olsen, 2015) What are individual and cultural values? Every organization has a set of â€Å"values† and to do well within an organization one should at least the â€Å"values† within said organization. The text explains that values are essentially a person s preference for a course of action in a given situation. There are two types of values discussed in detail in Chapter 2 which are â€Å"terminal values†, achievement to the end goal, and â€Å"instrumental values†, means to an end. Within organizations â€Å"Maglino† developed categories of workplace values. Value congruence is when an individual has a positive reaction with other individuals with similar values because they can relate to each other a little easier. As mentioned above â€Å"Cultural Values† is how a person was raised and how to act and think among groups and society as a whole. Organization effectiveness means maintaining company culture that serves its community and its customers with dignity and respect to the profession. Organizational effectiveness starts with management first, then trickles down to its subordinates staff. Organizational behavior should lean toward effective leadership. (Wallace, 2014) Values have a lot to do with a geographic region one is raised in or spent a significant amount of time. According to Hofstede’sShow MoreRelatedMGT 312 Entire Course1103 Words   |  5 PagesWEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper       Write  a 700- to 1,050-word paper explaining the role and purpose of organizational behavior. Explain the main components of organizational behavior.  MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper Provide examples of how these organizational behavior components relate to your workplace. How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include  at least two scholarly citations from the library.  MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior PaperRead MoreMgt 312 Entire Course Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesWEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper explaining the role and purpose of organizational behavior. †¢ Explain the main components of organizational behavior. MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper †¢ Provide examples of how these organizational behavior components relate to your workplace. †¢ How will knowledge of organizational behavior benefit you as a manager? Include at least two scholarly citations from the library. MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational BehaviorRead MoreMgt 312 Organizational Behavior for Manager Complete Class1190 Words   |  5 PagesMGT 312 Organizational Behavior for Manager Complete Class http://homeworkfy.com/downloads/mgt-312-organizational-behavior-for-manager-complete-class/ To Get this Tutorial Copy Paste above URL Into Your Browser Hit Us Email for Any Inquiry at: Homeworkfy@gmail.com Visit our Site for More Tutorials: (http://homeworkfy.com/ ) MGT 312 Week 1 Knowledge Check Study Guide MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper explaining the role and purposeRead MoreMgt312 Mgt 312 Organizational Behavior for Manager – All Assignments772 Words   |  4 PagesMGT312 MGT 312 Organizational Behavior for Manager – All Assignments Click Link Below To Buy: http://hwcampus.com/shop/mgt-312-new/mgt312-mgt-312-organizational-behavior-for-manager-all-assignments/ Or Visit www.hwcampus.com MGT 312 Organizational Behavior for Manager – All Assignments MGT 312 WEEK 1 Organizational Behavior Paper MGT 312 WEEK 2 Personality Impact Paper MGT 312 WEEK 2 Learning Team Four Functions of Management Paper MGT 312 WEEK 3 Sodexo and Principle Financial GroupRead MoreOrganizational Behavior1284 Words   |  6 PagesBachelor of Business Administration (Hons) Course Title : Organizational Behavior Course Code : BUS 250 Year of Study : 2 Number of Credits : 3 credits Duration in Weeks : 12 weeks Contact Hours Per Week : 3 hours Pre-requisite Course(s) : BUS 120 Principles and Practice of Management Course Aims The course provides students with a conceptual and a pragmatic approach to understand the employees’ behavior in the organization. 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Film Comparison Reservoir Dogs and the Killing Free Essays

Directed by Stanley Kubrick and released in 1956, The Killing has resonated through the years as an influential and groundbreaking story of a botched bank robbery told through the eyes of each different characters point of view. The scenes are strategically organized out of order and lead the story through a maze of plot advancements. Quentin Tarantino’s Reservoir Dogs opened in October 1992 and draws many influences and themes from Kubrick’s film. We will write a custom essay sample on Film Comparison Reservoir Dogs and the Killing or any similar topic only for you Order Now The unorthodox arrangement of scenes accompanied by meticulously crafted development of character side stories can be seen in both features. Furthermore, these films subject matter both have to do with a planned heist gone awry resulting in the deaths of all but one character that is later apprehended by the authorities. The underlying themes also mirror one another quite seamlessly especially when it comes to trust and character conduct. Each film does a fine job at gripping the audience in suspense until the final cut scene. In both films, there is the initial robbery plan that is presented to a small group of mostly thugs who don’t ask too many questions and would probably turn on one another in the blink of an eye. It becomes apparent quite soon into the opening of each film that something has gone or will go wrong at some point at the hands of a mole within the operation. Accidents, such as Reservoir Dogs failed robbery attempt itself, happen within both plots to make the stories move forward at a jarring rate. Each of the film’s directors were able to take away any and all comprehension of time outside of the movie experience and replace it with edge of your seat, non-linear plot installations. Above all, the distinct and groundbreaking writing from both films is what creates the sense of hyperrealism seen within both features. The language and direction used in Tarantino’s movie pays homage to early film noir classics as well as films such as Martin Scorsese’s Mean Streets and even The Killing itself. The themes found in The Killing can also be found quite easily within Reservoir Dogs as well. Stanley Kubrick’s film was released in the mid 1950’s and has underlying tones that were most likely derived from the uneasiness of the nation at that time. Who to trust remains to be a big theme in the movie, especially after the group finds out that there is a snitch among the ranks. Reservoir Dogs plays off of this same notion and really makes an unapologetic example of how no one can be trusted, even when you truly believe in them. The Killing goes as far as to imply that, in the case of the window teller and his greedy wife, men should not trust women, especially when it comes to the subject of potential money in the pocket. They send out the message that you can only trust one person and one person only: yourself. The eternal excuse that money cannot provide happiness becomes a recurring theme in both films. Another theme seen in each movie suggests the idea that violence creates nothing but negativity and eventual downfall. Considering the fact that nearly every main character in both films perishes by the end, just goes to show the theme that tells us how violence met with more violence can only result in misery. There are many similarities between each of these films. Quentin Tarantino candidly speaks about how he wanted to create his own version of The Killing, and how he did exactly that with Reservoir Dogs. The pervasive amount of violence found in both films also becomes noteworthy when looking for parallels between the two. Reservoir Dogs is violent in many more scenes than The Killing and is also filled with much coarser language, but the sustained violence that occurs during the final 25 minutes of The Killing must certainly have been something seldom seen by the public in the time of its release, especially the graphic bullet wounds seen in the faces of several fallen characters. In both films, violence is something that each character uses in order to get by, but by the end of each feature most of the characters have perished at the hands of someone else. This goes to show that even though the characters were intrinsically geared toward violence, they met their respective downfalls due to their own violent or dubious actions. How to cite Film Comparison Reservoir Dogs and the Killing, Essay examples

Law of Business Association Legal Nature

Question: Discuss about theLaw of Business Associationfor Legal Nature. Answer: In the present case it is shown that William is a bankrupt individual who is incapacitated from acting as a director of the company. However in the present case he is still acting as one. There is a letter between Harry, the managing director of the company and a third party wherein he mentions that William possesses the authority to enter into a contract. Harry privately mentions to William that he is only entitled to negotiate the contract and not enter into it. However William enters into the contract in capacity of an agent. Issue- From the instant case scenario certain issues arise which are of legal nature. The first issue is whether the present company is bound by the terms and conditions of the contract[1]. Another circumstance arises when the same position is to be determined if Harry only acted as a managing director. Rules- From the instant case scenario it can be discerned that the fact there is a managing director and insolvent director in the company suggests that the company is a joint stock company. The governing law which will be applicable in this case is the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth). Under this legislation, the company can enter into a contract and execute it in various ways. Under section 126 of this Act, the company can appoint an agent who provides own name to represent for and on behalf of the company[2]. Under section 127(1) of the Act, a company can make contracts by other ways. This includes when the contract is entered by two directors of the company. The contract can also be entered upon by one director and one secretary. In case of a sole proprietorship, the contract can be entered by the only director. Sub section 2 of the same section suggests that the most formal way of entering into a contract is affixing the common seal of the company and getting the contract verified by the above mentioned members[3]. In the present case scenario contract entered is without express authority. The contract becomes binding in this case as there is application of the law of agency. In the case of agency there are broadly two kinds of authority[4]. One is express authority where the company directly appoints a person to act as an agent. Here the person exercises all the rights and obligations of an agent. The other is implied authority where the authority generates from the situation of the case. In the present case William possesses ostensible authority. Here the company is making a representation that William possesses the authority of entering into the contract. On the basis of the representation, the third party relies on the company and judges their credibility. This has been seen in the case of Freeman and Lockyer v Buckhurst Park Properties (Mangal) Ltd (1964) 2 QB 480. Ostensible authority is also created when the representation is made by the specific company . This is seen in the case of Crabtree-Vickers Pty Ltd v Australian Direct Mail Advertising and Addressing Co Ltd (1975) 133 CLR 72. However in the present case there is clarity that the person entering into the contract was insolvent. Directors have various duties. As per section 588 G of Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) the director is duty bound to ensure that insolvent trading does not take place[5]. Application- In the present case the managing director is liable for allowing insolvent trading. As per section 180 (2) of this Act, no protection is given to directors for breach of such statutory duties. The company is liable to be sued for breach of the duties[6]. The director can claim defences on the basis of the grounds provided under Section 588 H[7]. The same rules are applicable if Harry acted as de facto director as per the provisions of Section 9 of the Act. Conclusion- The Company is liable for encouraging insolvent trading. From the instant case it is clear that there are two directors of a company i.e. Maria and David. They are also the shareholders to the company. Herein Maria applies for a loan of $ 100,000 for official as well as for private purpose from a bank. The bank asks for a guarantee. Maria is aware that David will not approve of the loan. She mentions her name as the guarantee and signs the agreement in the name of David. Issue- The issue that arises here is that in case there is loan default, can the bank impose the guarantee against the company. Rules- From the instant case it is clear that Maria acted in a manner which is beyond her statutory duties. The circumstances clearly suggest that Maria had committed forgery. She had breached the general duties of a director. Forgery is a serious criminal action in Australia. The relevant legal provision for forgery is mentioned in section 144(1) of the Criminal Code 1995. The elements of forgery include making a third person believe that the relevant person is authorised to do the act[8]. In this way the wrong doer acts dishonestly to make a gain and cause loss to others. There are provisions under the Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) where directors are penalised heavily for committing acts of fraud and offences with respect to management of the company. These are mentioned in the sections 210B and 206B of the Act. Application- The bank can hold the company vicariously liable for the acts of Maria. However the company can disqualify Maria from her position and sue her. Her term of conviction can be 5 to 10 years of jail. She is liable to pay fines and penalties for her act. Conclusion- The bank can hold the company liable for the breach of guarantee as Maria was acting during her course of employment. Bibliography Corporations Act 2001 - SECT 126(2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s126.html Corporations Act 2001 - SECT 127(2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s127.html Corporations Act 2001 - SECT 180(2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s180.html Corporations Act 2001 - SECT 588G(2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s588g.html Corporations Act 2001 - SECT 588H(2017) Austlii.edu.au https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ca2001172/s588h.html McQueen, Rob,A Social History Of Company Law(Routledge, 1st ed, 2016) Ong, Denis S. K,Trusts Law In Australia(Federation Press, 1st ed, 2007) Tomasic, Roman, Stephen Bottomley and Rob McQueen,Corporations Law In Australia(Federation Press, 1st ed, 2002)

Hotel Management

Introduction In order for hotel businesses to compete and maintain their brands in the volatile market, effective and efficient marketing strategies that aim at meeting and exceeding the exact expectations of all customers is a basic necessity.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Hotel Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different customers have different needs, tastes and preferences and this has shaped the way modern hotel businesses package their products and services to meet the customer needs. This paper discusses the concept of market segmentation, targeting and positioning and how the same is applicable in the hotel industry and in particular Intercontinental Hotels Group. Segmentation, targeting and positioning in hotels Market segmentation How a hotel packages itself to meet the needs of its customer base determines its financial success and retention of its position in the competitive marke t. Market segmentation is an important concept in hotel business whereby the customers are divided into unique small groups each different from the other in terms of how they respond to the product’s marketing, promotion, pricing and other variables depending on their unique needs such as financial abilities, age, tastes, resources, behaviors, location tastes and preferences. This is usually the contrast of mass marketing whereby customers are treated as one homogeneous group with the same needs. Market targeting Market targeting concept works in the principle of identifying the different markets segments in terms of their unique needs and pining out the most viable segments and concentrating their resources on them by considering their relevance to the core business of the organization, size and profitability (Rudra 25). Market positioning Positioning integrates both Market segmentation and targeting to create a clear picture in the mind of the targeted segments of customers , about the uniqueness of the packaged products and how they best suit their unique needs. Positioning implies the efforts employed towards clearly convincing different segments of the market into perceiving your services as uniquely tailored for them or as simply suggested by Subha â€Å"a product’s position is how potential buyers see the product† (Rudra 33). Segmentation in hotel industry The hotel industry is arguably one of the most lucrative businesses and also very competitive and volatile. Most multinational hotels use the concept of Market segmentation targeting and positioning to serve the different customer base.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most market segments in the hotel industry prefer to segment their Market mainly depending geographic segmentation whereby they target different geographic regions depending on the different cultures, sizes such as large cities, population density. Demographic segmentation is mainly focused on income, occupation and social status. Psychographic segmentation in the hotel industry takes on activities such as tourism and business oriented luxuries. Intercontinental Hotels Group Intercontinental Hotels Group (IHG) is one the leading hotels in the world. IHG has continually applied the concept of Market segmentation, targeting and positioning to retain its position as the leading hotel chain in the world. Their Market segmentation is mainly demographic whereby products are packaged focusing on the income of the targeted market with different brands such as InterContinental Hotels Resorts which is a package of prestige to the most prestigious in the community, Holiday inn express offers limited services targeting middle income earners, Candlewood Suites, which is an extended-stay concept, but one targeting the mid-market business and leisure segment among others (Intercontinental Hot els Group 1). Psychographic segmentation In this segmentation IHG offers the brand Crowne Plaza which is a full-service offering, upscale accommodations by targeting more selective, less price-conscious business and leisure travelers. They also offer Stay Bridge suites brand catered to the extended-stay market and Holiday inn brand which targets commercial and leisure travelers (Brophy 1). Geographic segmentation Geographic segmentation can be observed in the way brands such as Hotel Indigo is located in urban, mid-town and suburban areas near businesses, restaurants, and entertainment venues, Holiday Inn Express hotels are most commonly situated along major highways, interstates, and airport locations The Staybridge Suites and Candlewood Suites brands are located near commercial business parks, colleges, and universities (Brophy 1). Different hotel companies such as the Hilton hotels, Wyndham hotel, Marriot international hotels, Accor group, and Choice hotels among other leading ho tels compete extensively by targeting the same group of customers. The hotels offer exclusive packages for every segment and as such competition for business in each segment becomes extremely high. Perhaps the most lucrative and the most competitive segment in the hotel industry is the exclusively rich segment which offers exclusive services to the most prestigious and wealthy class in the world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Hotel Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More IHG competes with other leading hotels such as Hilton hotels in offering the most lucrative and classic services to this segment by using the brand InterContinental Hotels Resorts designed to deliver customer experience to the elite in a unique and distinctive way. The brand is said to boast of being the hotel brand of choice for some of the most influential personalities in the world (Brophy 1). Positioning IHG may not have made such a success in segmenting and targeting this particular segment without proper positioning. Davies John claims that the art of positioning is arguably the hardest and trickiest especially when dealing with the royal class segment. Getting this segment to perceive your services and products as the best is not as simple task. IHG probably does brand positioning by mostly investing in the most luxurious parts of the world such as the major cities, setting high standards in terms of luxurious service delivery (Davies 1). IHG is also known of hosting some of the most influential people and this have perhaps done a milestone in positioning the brand. A report by Deloitte was quoted claiming that â€Å"InterContinental completed its brand repositioning in Q3 2005, with global press and TV advertising campaigns launched with CNN and in-flight carriers† (Deloitte 1). The fruits of effective positioning of this brand can be attributed to the success of the InterContinental Hotels Resorts brand in terms of its presence in the most prestigious parts of major cities and its credential of serving the most influential people in the world. Conclusion The hotel industry has used segmentation, targeting and positioning concept to best capture every segment of the competitive market. Hotel industry segments divide the market into unique groups and rolls their services according to the specific needs. The hotel industry does positioning of specific segments by setting standards, investing in the most relevant locations and presenting their services in the most attractive way to the specific segment. IHG has used this concepts and the success can be seen in their position as one of the leading hotel chains in the world. Those who are planning to invest or improve on their hotel industry may be advised to seriously consider the potential of segmentation, targeting and positioning concept if they are to achieve any meaningful success in the hotel industry. Works Cited Ru dra, S. Market Segmentation Targeting and Positioning. Market Segmentation, 2010. Web.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Brophy, M. Brand Power: InterContinental Hotels Group. Brand Power Intercontinental, 2009. Web. Intercontinental Hotels Group (IHG).Our History. Intercontinental, 2011. Web. Davies J. Hotel Marketing in 2010: Perception Trumps Positioning. Hospitality, 2010. Web. Deloitte. Bringing a luxury brand to life. Deloite, 2006. Web. This research paper on Hotel Management was written and submitted by user Madeleine U. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Hotel Management The lecture covered the concept of hotel management in a comprehensive manner to bring out various perspectives. These include vacation ownership that encompasses the timeshare system. Studies into the history of hotel management have shown that timeshare as a concept preceded Vacation ownership.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Hotel Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Initially, timeshare system was characterized by cases of security breaches and inconsistent sale patterns. However, the entry of major companies into the hotel industry led to the transformation of timeshare system into Vacation ownership. The notion was created by industry players in order to include other changes in the environment. In timeshare, a client can buy a unit for one week whereby they have a right to declare the same in a will. The property under this arrangement wholly belongs to the unit owners and is managed through contrac tors. In addition, associations created by the home owners are mandated with the election of the board of directors. In time sharing, hotel management caters to other details of ownership. For instance, in a timeshare consisting of a 100 units, the 51 weeks per unit is sold to an equal number of owners. Moreover owners can join forces with the aim of owning a particular property. Timeshares contribute positively to the process of hotel management in various ways. For example, they aid in marketing and sales when combined with other hotel management initiatives as guests that frequent hotels are an easy target. Additionally, they help in minimizing costs and improving profitability through increased sales volumes (Braunlich 4). Further, management plans that take in timeshares are viewed as more reliable. It is also clear that timeshares do not constitute an investment. This is due to the fact that half of the costs involved in their establishment are considered as part of marketing while a quarter of the cost goes to construction. The timeshare units are also not expected to appreciate in value despite being assets. Thus the timeshare is not liable for sale as an investment. Units offered under the timeshare system have various advantages over hotel rooms. These include the right to facilities that are limited or unavailable to hotel room users. For instance, the units are more elaborate in areas of space, entertainment, and comfort as well as the fact that the user has a right to wholly own the estate.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the timeshare units are limited in terms of facilities such as dining and room service to the customers that are further expected to stay for a week. The units also restrict the owners in that they are forced to include the vacations in their future plans and make use of the facilities yearly. The timeshare unit also maintains a constant value with a restriction on the number of check-ins. The cost for the units is determined by various factors that include facilities, location and season as well as size. For instance, in times of the year that have a high number of guests, a three bedroom unit may cost $30,000 (Braunlich 12). The timeshare units are also liable to maintenance costs, taxation and fees for membership exchange. For instance, the amounts remitted in this case are used for sustenance of amenities and facilities in the unit. The timeshare system facilities are therefore targeted to owners and their visitors, buyers and individuals enrolled in reward plans or clubs. From the lectur, it is clear that vacation ownership springed from the Timeshare system of hotel management. In addition, it is evident that the timeshare technique is beneficial in terms of convinience and capacity to increase sales volumes in the hotel and hospitality industry. The study also established that the ti meshare units have limitations such as space and flexibility when compared to hotel rooms. These have been contrasted to the advantages of the hotel rooms over the timeshare units. It is also clear that the timeshare units are not considered part of investment as they are used as marketing facilities for the industry. This essay on Hotel Management was written and submitted by user Liberty Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Hotel management

What Does Your Name Mean - Genealogy

What Does Your Name Mean - Genealogy Could someone named Biff ever be president? Could a Gertrude ever become a prima ballerina? Does your name really play an integral part in who you are and what you will become? Can changing ones name common practice with many immigrant families actually change ones destiny? The hidden meaning of names is a popular query on Internet search engines as people hope to learn what their name says about them and who they will become. Different than traditional name meanings found in baby name lists and last name meaning dictionaries, the hidden meaning of a name is more akin to astrology or fortune telling than true etymological science. With some exceptions, most sources which reference the hidden meanings of names appear to use a variation on research known as sound symbolism, which attributes meanings to individual sounds based on their emotional response. So what exactly is sound symbolism? The traditional view of most linguists is that word meanings are related to morphemes (roots, suffixes, prefixes, etc.). There are a few, however, who place great faith in the theory of sound symbolism, suggesting that the letters of the alphabet individual sounds such as p or st actually mean something based on how they are pronounced. Sound symbolism, in its basic form, suggests that letter meanings influence how we feel about words and how we react to names, whether personal names or brand names. As one such individual, Joseph Gilbert, explains it, look at the words that start with st. Whether steadfast or just plain stubborn, theyre almost all really stuck in one place (stop, stick, stand, stall, stoic, store, stack, still...), unless of course theres a raring, rearing, roaring r in there who can get your st started. Curious, of course, I checked out the hidden meaning in my name. Entering my first name, I was told Your name says that you are curious. People with your name are naturally curious and inquisitive. You are a true researcher and investigator who likes to get to the bottom of complicated things, and find solutions to yet unsolved problems. Of course, trying many possible combinations, I also was unable to find a meaning that was not positive and also was given meanings for names which are, essentially, concocted gibberish. Either way, it was a fun exercise in linguistics. If youre curious about the meanings behind the individual letter sounds, check out the hidden meaning in your name. Numerologist Joy Light also claims to be able to find the hidden meaning in your name by using the numbers which correspond with the letters in your name. By adding all of the numbers in your name together, you arrive at a number that represents your destiny, or what it is in this lifetime you want to accomplish. A hidden meaning behind your name. Hmm..... I wonder how much I have in common with the other Kimberly Powells of the world?

Low-Costs in Aviation Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Low-Costs in Aviation Industry - Essay Example The proliferation of low-cost carriers came into being after the 9/11 attacks that were directed towards the Americans. According to the Irish career boss, lowering the cost in the aviation industry will result to carriers accessing a pool of passengers that would be used to replace high-income passengers that would not be using air travel. According to him, low-cost flights would serve the needs of cost conscious passengers. These passengers are concerned with making saving or using the minimal amounts on travel expenses. Low-cost flight carriers target passengers who are keen on cost related issues.Managers have determined that price is the largest determinant that influences consumer decision-making processes. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the managers to ensure that their products and services are priced lowly. In the aviation industry, lowering flight charges would facilitate increased traffic for carriers. This will, in turn, lead to increased profitability for the org anization. In this context, managers are required to initiate measures that would ensure that despite the carrier having cheap services; it makes profits.For instance, some managers took advantage of the 9/11 attack to buy new air crafts, which enabled them to exercise low-cost activities (Dunn, 2009). Managers are concerned with incorporating innovative activities in their flights at a relatively low cost. Such innovations and features would attract customers to carriers.

Industries and technology both have hurt and helped our enviornment Essay

Industries and technology both have hurt and helped our enviornment - Essay Example The first wave took place in the late 1700’s, bringing industrial improvements to textiles, iron, water and power systems and mechanization. The second wave brought about steam power, trains and steel production. Next, in the 1900’s, came electricity, chemicals and cars. By the middle of the 20th century, the emerging innovations were petroleum, the space race and electronics. In the most recent years, known as the digital age, society has witnessed the development of computers and other electronic devices. All these innovations have contributed to the development of society. However, the creators of these products did not initially think about the amount of waste that would be generated through the manufacturing of these products and what would happen to these products once they became obsolete. Increasing awareness of the effects of manufacturing on the environment has lead to the development of waste management processes and green engineering. It is not only the issue of emissions, but also the disposal of obsolete vehicles that we have to worry about. These emission and hazard waste disposal issues are common concerns for all manufacturing facilities. An example of this is the plants in the state of New Jersey that refine oil. They produce products that are very much needed in modern society. However, they also produce waste that is difficult to dispose of and can be damaging to our environment. To preserve our environment requires our manufacturers take steps to implement green engineering principles into their processes and abide by the rules and regulations put forth by the EPA and other agencies. On the other hand, consumers must also learn to conserve and use products less wastefully. New technologies and industries are created to meet the demands of people and to continuously try to lower the cost of products. Such innovations sometimes have undesirable effects on our global environment. For example, chlorinated fluorocarbons (CFCs) were

Company Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Company Research - Assignment Example The company will be sponsoring FIFA world cup, it is launching a new website and it has over 400 offices in the US. Farmers insurance Inc. is an insurance company based in Los Angeles but with sub branches all over the nation. It deals with insurance and its contact information is https://www.farmers.com/careers.html and 1-800-435-7764. I would like to be a customer relations person as the job is flexible and I would be my own boss. This is the positive aspect but the negative one is that the company requires all employees to own cars. It has one of its values as curiosity, it hires fresh graduates and it has numerous agents with easy contact. The best company to work for is Google not only because it’s the best in Fortune 500 in 2013 but also because of its great culture which is the positive aspect of the company. Google is a search engine whose contact information is http://www.google.com/about/company/ and phone number is +1650-253-0000. It is located in Mountain View California. The best job position is on the management team because of the power and authority not to mention prestige. Its negative aspect is the wavering working hours. It is owned by young people, serves millions worldwide and was founded in

Prepare A Personal Development Plan Nursing Essay

Prepare A Personal Development Plan Nursing Essay This paper seeks to prepare a personal development plan in my objective to become a leader in an organization. I will analyze the requirements of the targeted job in relation to my inventory of skills including my strengths and weaknesses in relation to the requirement of a goal in mind for which I am willing to know my deficiencies in terms of skills. I will therefore have to make an action plan on how to correct my deficiencies and to improve on my weaknesses to take advantage of my strengths in attaining a target job that I want to have and quality of a person that I want to happen as a result. 2. The Goal, Requirements, Deficiencies and the Strategies 2.1 My goal and its requirements The goal of this plan is to be able to attain the position of Pricing analyst which requires the following: having strong analytical skills and ingenuity to provide logical solutions to nonstandard issues, having a strong mathematical aptitude as well as well developed communication skills (written and verbal), being computer literate (including working knowledge of Excel and Word) and possessing the values of resourcefulness, organizational skills and ability to coordinate activities across company function. It further requires having demonstrated ability to work well under pressure to meet critical deadlines, having the ability to adapt to changing priorities and handle multiple tasks and having an exceptional attention to detail and problem solving skills. 2.2 Determined deficiencies and the causes of their perceived causes of having them Using as basis the job requirements and compare the same with my present inventory of skills, I found out that the targeted job requires the need for demonstrated ability to work well under pressure to meet critical deadlines as well as at the ability to adapt to changing priorities and handle multiple tasks. I believe this requires utmost patience on the part of person to be hired for the job. A patient person will not be easily being cowed into giving up for pressure as the person would normally consider pressure as part of the job. A patient person will also find the need to adapt to changing priorities and handling multiple tasks to be part of the challenge. I definitely need to be more patient partly because of my attitude of perfectionism which is rather out of proportions sometimes. Further comparison of my inventory of skills with the requirement of the job revealed that my verbal communication skills are weak as may be proved from past experiences when I have delegated tasks to people that resulted to some misunderstandings. I have diagnosed the in many instances times about the reasons for these misunderstandings and I found them in failure to make my instructions in a way that may be fully and intelligently understood. In wrongly believing that my own understanding results to my teammates understanding, I really have made a short cut of effective communication which is creating inefficiency to my job. I find deficiency also in my organizational skills as evidenced by my having overlooked a lot of times important details in my job because of deficient communication skills, failure to delegate and ineffectiveness if making motivations to my people. 2.3 Strategies to address deficiencies with corresponding time table The way I am going to tackle these leadership deficiencies is to set up a plan where I can draw on personal and others feedback. I have talked to my manager, supervisor, and other coworkers and they have agreed to provide feedback to me on these three subjects. I am going to keep a journal, as well, so that I can track my own thoughts and feelings about how I am handling and improving in these tasks. Also, I plan to do some research on all there subjects so that I may obtain further information on these subjects. The following are the things that I plan to do within my time table. Improving Patience On the basis of the above, I found out that I really lacked patience; I have decided to increase my patience in more systematic manner. My high anxiety level, which causes me to get short with people, could really be bad if I will not improve my patience. I am planning to monitor my progress and evaluate myself weekly on my patience levels. In a year I want to get to a point where I can handle any situation, no matter what that entails. I want to get to the point where I dont let my anxiety interfere with my job duties and interactions with other. Having stated earlier that lack of patience may be caused by my attitude of perfectionism, I feel addressing the latter is crucial to my development as a person for the desired job. Perfectionism makes me feel that I should always be imposing to people the highest requirement for many work activities without may be considering their capacities. My strategies for improvement of correction of said perceived caused of lack of patience are to analyze the importance of having something perfect in relation to realistic goals of every activity. Since every activity may have its deadline, I would devised an improve schedule so that I will not push myself unnecessarily on things. But since I may never know if I am progressing on this activity, I would measure my progress and my criteria for measuring the same would be to have less frustration with progress while ensuring that work is still successfully accomplish. The time table for this is one month intervals Improving communication One of the requirements of the targeted job is having a strong mathematical aptitude as well as well developed communication skills (written and verbal). Finding my skills to be lacking in this respect, I have decided to effectively improve my verbal communications skills continually by relying on feedback from manager and supervisors in my present job as well as peers and family and friends. In my own analysis what is causing my poor communication is the spontaneous and impulsive comments to teammates as I perceived bad comments in return making such irresponsive comments which offend their feelings, hence I would really need to reflect on how my comments would affect others. This is in addition to developing of course and an effective communication plan verbally and in writing. To know whether I would be progressing I would be recording my observance of the absence of negative peer reactions as well as my observation of positive oral feedback from family and friends. I am also giving month intervals ask for feedback from peers and family/friends Improving organization skills Organization will be one of my other big hang-ups and I think this should be evaluated daily by keeping a journal of my tasks as well as a calendar to avoid mistakenly overlooking anything. I believe this will take time to improve, and with the help of my observations, research, and others feedback, I could o be proficient in the skills within the next three years. For the meantime I have short goals as explained below. One way to improve this is to through having the skill to improve delegation. My rather poor delegation is basically rooted in the fear of poor teammate contributions resulting in team failure. I believe this could be corrected by building on trust with my team mates by being first becoming a trust worthy person. Delegation entails trusting people to do it with confidence to their abilities under given circumstances. In the case of team mates, I would have to realize the extent also of my influence so that I would not be ending up delegating everything. In addition I should be developing a system of evaluations of teammates since it is only in giving them the proper feedback that they would have the chance to improve themselves. The time table for this of course, requires that at checkpoints of project, I will have to assess feelings of comfort of myself and my teammates and address any problems immediately as may be necessary. Another way of correcting this perceived weakness is to utilize an equal work policy. Under this arrangement, some my teammates would not necessarily be burdened with having more than expected and this will have a chance of reducing really the fear of poor teammate contributions resulting in team failure. Still another way of accomplishing this strategy is for me to build in checkpoints for making sure that projects are on time. This simply means that making a reliable schedule to monitor and follow through that projects are on in fact accomplished on time. As a way of measuring my progress in this strategy, I would have to be chance to measure my progress, with myself personally performing less work that would result to utilizing more time to proper and maximum functioning of my teammates. This development should also be seen in my new developed ability to trust teammates that would lead more to better relationships with them by having a confidence in the result of their work. Another way to improve organizational skills is to improve my forcefulness in motivating people. As a consequence of poor communication skills, my capacity to motivate or move people is just as limited to a great extent. My strategies for this target is includes attend additional classes on leadership (Erez, M. et. al, 2001), reading pertinent books on motivation (Maddock and Fulton, 1998) and utilizing an effective communication. Motivation on organization is a big deal since organization basically involves people who need to have the internal drive to what they need to do. Given the fact that organization may not provide every thing what workers may need, I can top a great potential from them by knowing each of my team mates and really find out what drives to excel of perform better in their job. I would only be able to verify the attainment of these targets if there are positive responses of others to my improved motivational skills. If small goals get accomplished I would be pretty sure that I making a great motivation job on my teammates more often Another way of measuring the accomplishment of this strategy is the reality of having an accomplished goals and positive team responses. The time table to evaluate others responses and behaviors would be to undertake each monthly. 3. Conclusion Based on the above plans I believe I would be able to attain the target of becoming a price analyst. The requirements of the targeted position are very clear and I was honest enough to use the requirements to gauge whether I could actually satisfy the same. Driven therefore by the realization that I needed some skills, I should have the courage to correct my deficiency by tracing what are the behaviors that are causing me not to have the much desired requirements of the targeted position in terms of skills. I have categorized the some major requirements of the job as requiring the value of patience from the need for demonstrated ability to work well under pressure to meet critical deadlines as well as at the ability to adapt to changing priorities and handle multiple tasks. So important is the value of patience in the job and which I have carefully analyzed could be acquired by training me to consider work pressures as normal consider s part of the job that would also help me to adapt to changing priorities and handle multiple tasks to be part of the challenge. Improving communication between me and the people in the organization was could be by addressing the behavioral cause, that is the spontaneous and impulsive comments to teammates that I commit sometimes based from perceived bad comments. I would just have to stop offending their feelings by my having an honest reflection on how my comments would affect others. This is in addition to developing of course and an effective communication plan (Thorson and Moore, 1996) verbally and in writing which may involved the applicable of basic principles of effective communication that would be read in theory and experience if the actual workplace. Getting the right feedback from peers and friends would accomplish much for this. Improving my communication skill is also closely related with improving organization skills which I will have to develop over time through my observations, research, and others feedback. Having targeted to be proficient in the skills within the next three years, I believe would be realistic enough considering my targeted developed skills for communication. To improve organization skill requires me to improve delegation which I found to having been restricted by my fear of poor teammate contributions resulting in team failure. Being correctible by building on trust with my teammates by being first becoming a trust worthy person, I believe that my decision to delegation put me in the very right path to fully attain an integrated organizational skill (Heller et. al., 1998). I am however cautioned by knowing some limits in my planned delegation by doing still what I need to do best under the circumstances in avoiding to delegating everything. By my honest development of a system of evaluations of teammates, that would give them the proper feedback, I am hoping for the best about the accomplishment of this plan. Appendix: Chart of Personal Development Plan Skill to Improve Causes of Behaviors Strategies Measurement Time table for Assessing Progress Patience Perfectionism Analyzing the bad effects of too much perfectionism Making a working schedule Effective delegation to team mates -reduced frustration -successful accomplishment of work without much stress Will be monitored monthly Delegation Fear of poor teammate performance Make a system of evaluation of teammates Make an à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€¹Ã…“equal work policy. Making sure that deadlines are followed Less work to be performed more time for the main requirement of the job Assess feeling of teammates if delegation is received with respect Effective Communication Irresponsible and impulsive comments Reflect on the effect of comments and reduce the same if necessary Design and effective communication plan Absence of negative peer reactions Positive feedback from friends, managers and supervisors Must be confirmed monthly Motivation Poor oral and written communication skills Read good books on communication skills. Attend seminars related to Office communications Willingness of others to have more responsibilities Attained output targets Evaluation should be done monthly or as often as possible

the devil and daniel webster Essay -- essays research papers fc

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story I had read was the Devil and Daniel Webster it was written by Stephen Vincent Ben’et. This story is a lot alike most of his other stories discussing what it means to be an American. Also this story is one of his most famous stories it combines folk-lore and history also it has been made into a play and so to be coming out a movie. Story Summary   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In this story it begins speaking about a character named Daniel Webster, which was from Marshfield, but, later the story begins to unravel and they begin speaking about a character named Jabez stone. Jabez Stone was from Cross Corners, which makes both Webster and Stone from New Hampshire. As you read you see that Jabez has had the worst luck if he was to grow corn they would get borer. If he was to get horses he it would get spavins then trade it in to get one that had staggers. Also say the neighbors had rocks in their soil he would have boulders luck was not on Jabezs side. So one day as Jabez is plowing he broke his plowshare on a boulder. This was the last straw for Jabez and he says, â€Å"I vow it’s enough to make a man want to sell his soul to the devil! And I would, too, for two cents!† Soon after this he felt a chill run through his body being a New Hampshireman he wouldn’t take it back. Later that night a man pulled up in a nice bug gy and went to the door and asked for Jabez Stone he told the family it was a lawyer but, at heart he knew who it was. Then they begin to speak he asked his name he responds with I have a lot of names but you can call me Scratch. Then they soon discuss the contract and Jabez sells his soul the dark man took out a shiny silver pin and made him sign his name in blood. Then things began to go smoothly for him his horses were healthy, his cows got fat, and his crops were the talk of the neighborhood. The man stopped by a year a later to discuss the mortgage and Stone said I beginning to have doubts then Scratch takes out the contract to remind him. As he took out the contract there was a moth that spoke to him it was the voice of mister Stevens. Embarrassed the dark man says he should really be in the collecting box then he slips up in a way and says someone like Daniel Webster needs a special made box. They make a deal Jabez and Scratch they have a 4-year extension. Stone didn’t realize ... ...ylvania, and went to school at Yale University. Some of his works consist the volume of poetry Heavens and Earth, the novels Young People's Pride and Spanish Bayonet, and the narrative poem John Brown's Body, about the American Civil War. For the later work, Benà ©t won a Pulitzer prize for poetry in 1929. Thirteen O'Clock, a collection of short stories, includes â€Å"The Devil and Daniel Webster,† which he adapted into a words for a folk opera in 1939 and which was made into a motion picture, All That Money Can Buy, in 1941. For Western Star, an unfinished narrative poem on the settling of America, Benà ©t won a second Pulitzer Prize in 1944. Benà ©t's works are remarkable in their imaginative trace of the American scene. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion I believe this story was very good although hard to follow I would enjoy reading more of his stories. I would recommend this story to a lot of different people because the story is kind of weird in a weird kind of way. Works Cited http://www.law.utexas.edu/lpop/etext/devil/devil.htm http://shopping.yahoo.com/shop?d=v&id=1800056764 http://www.seacoastnh.com/lawyers/websterhouse.html

Math 214 Final Reflective Paper

Math 213 gives new teachers the tools needed to further understand what they will be facing when entering the classroom. There is a wide range of mathematic concepts covered throughout this course. Among them the major topics included: the principals and process standards for elementary school mathematics defined by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the application of problem-solving strategies using numerical patterns.Additional major concepts covered were the relations and functions to solve problems, base value, language sets, the value of the Venn diagrams, how to make reasonable estimates, and how to apply number theory to applications. Week one was the exploration of the six principles of elementary school mathematics: equity, curriculum, teaching, learning, assessment, and connection. These standards outline the understanding, knowledge, and skills student should acquire in each grade level. NCTM’s establishes focus and coherence into teacher’s efforts in improving mathematics.NCTM offers teachers examples and recommendations of a wide variety of educational circumstances that serve in the best interest of the student. They serve as a support group in guiding every educator in their efforts to improving how math will be presented in the classroom. Week one was also dedicated to showing the differences in how adults and children learn while investigating problem-solving strategies. The action of students with no prior knowledge of mathematics was quite overwhelming. When time is not an essence and logic does not exist students are surprisingly able to grasp concepts of mathematics.Revealing this process illustrates the importance of encouraging students to take risks while exploring problem solving. With the right tools put into place students can excel and possibly lead the way into higher mathematics. Week two covered several number systems, functions, patterns, and problem solving strategies. We thoroughly examined the H indu-Arabic, Tally, Egyptian, Mayan, Roman, and Babylonian number systems. With the introduction of language sets the Venn diagram proved to be a valuable tool. The use of visual aids and hands on tools for establishing base values are a necessity when introducing the fundamentals.Manipulation techniques and visual aids give students the opportunity to explore math beyond the numbers and presents ides that students can relate to. After grasping knowledge of the fundamentals students can use them to connect with higher levels of mathematics. Week three was the analysis of algorithms and the discovery of the importance in giving students the freedom to contemplate their own. Many studies have shown students who create their own algorithms have a stronger mathematic grasp on the skills needed to work out problems on their own. Also introduced in week three was the importance of mastering addition prior to multiplication.Students who master addition realize that multiplication is repeat ing addition and can use it as a tool when checking their multiplication answers. The number line and group activities used during this week incorporated concepts of estimation and rounding and demonstrated how students can judge the accuracy of their answers. Carrying forward was the introduction of multiplication properties. They include: Commutative Property, changing the order, Associative Property, changing the grouping factors, and the Identity Property were one is the same as the other.The knowledge of these operations makes it easier for students to understand multiplication. The concepts in week three set a foundation needed to expand on. Students must have an understanding of numbers and the different ways they are represented. These concepts are useful application to present and future math challenges. Week four covered the difficulties that students have with fractions. Visual aids, manipulation, and using realistic relationships prove to be useful as teacher interpret f ractions, decimals, percents, and problems solving techniques to students.Circular shape objects create a superior surface in showing a whole numbers and are a good starting point when explaining the meaning of the numerator and the denominator. Manipulation of objects and relating math concepts to everyday life may help students with other styles of learning. Beans and blocks are just some objects teachers can use in manipulation and the score to last nights football game might be something students can relate to. There is great deal of sources available to teachers that illustrate and explain different approaches that can help students grasp mathematic concepts like fraction, decimal, percent, nd problem solving. Teachers have formed support groups online, around the nation, that are dedicated to helping students connect to math. Finally, my reflection after week five proves to be filled with valuable information needed for the development of a professional math instructor. This c ourse has improved my understanding of math in general and has given me the tools to explore a student’s mind. Through thorough investigations I have found different approaches that may best suited in presenting mathematic concepts into a classroom.